Name of the article |
Author |
Annotation |
Page |
Opportunity and disadvantages of using bioethanol supplements to motor fuel mixtures |
Aksenov O.F., Boichenko S.V., Azarenkova A.O. |
The article describes the advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol as a motor fuel additive mixed and prospects of this direction in Ukraine. The aim of the study is to determine the advantages and disadvantages in the implementation in Ukraine of motor fuel mixtures containing ethanol. The object of the research is theoretical ethanol as an additive to petrol engine mixed with different concentrations. Purpose of the study - environmental and economic efficiency of motor gasoline mixed with ethanol content, the effect of ethanol on changing physical, chemical and performance properties of motor fuels mixtures. Research methods - theoretical. During the work it was investigated the annual need for Ukraine in light oil and Directions implementation and bioethanol. Described in detail the possible disadvantages that are associated with the production of bioethanol fuel. But despite all the flaws are listed, bioethanol fuel is an alternative and has some advantages, which are also discussed in the article. The results of the research can be argued that Ukraine has a competitive advantage in the production of fuel ethanol: rich soil, favorable agricultural infrastructure and tradition of growing grain. It is therefore advisable to introduce in Ukraine bioethanol production, which will improve the energy balance, reduce the country's dependence on imported energy, optimizing energy structure, which has a positive effect on energy security of the country. KEY WORDS: BIOETHANOL MOTOR FUEL MIXTURE, OPERATING, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE EXHAUST GASES. |
003-008 |
Physicochemical parameters of synthetic fuel for diesel engine |
Balawender Krzysztof, Jakubowski Miroslaw, Kuszewski Hubert |
The article presents the results of some physicochemical parameters of synthetic fuel derived from waste tires. Were also examined synthetic fuel mixture with a commercial diesel fuel at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of synthetic fuel.During the studies measured the following parameters: density, ignition temperature, methanogenic number, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, cold temperature block fuel filter, fractional composition. |
009-016 |
Effect of pilot injection advance and duration on noise emission of di engine |
Balawender Krzysztof, |
The article presents the results of the measurements of the impact of pilot injection advance and duration on the DI engine noise emission. |
017-022 |
Comparison research of engine power on the chassis dynamometer |
Balawender Krzysztof, Jakubowski Miroslaw, Wos Pawel |
The paper presents the methodology and sample results of engine power measured on a chassis dynamometer. The aim of the study was to comparison of the engine power results of research realized due-to to the procedures of dynamic and static test. For the study a chassis dynamometer AVL-Zoellner was used. |
023-030 |
Evaluation of ecological security of water bodies in kyiv |
Barabash О.V. |
In Kiev operates 118 well-room facilities, including in Kiev to - 9 complexes Darnytskyi - 20, Dniprovskyi - 20,Desnyanskyi - 20, Obolonskyi - 16, Pecherskyi - 4, Podilskyi - 12,Svyatoshynskyi - 3,Solomyanskyi - 3, Shevchenkivskyi district - 11, which provides the technical work Kyivvodokanal. Approximately 66% of water wells contains high amount of iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, sulfates, chlorides, carbonates and other impurities, which usually requires additional treatment of the water. Often artesian water does not meet the requirements for bacteriological parameters and not tested for heavy metals. The solution could be the use of atomic absorption analysis, as it is a fairly accurate method of determining contaminants. The aim of the study was to evaluate the environmental safety of samples of drinking water in the well-room districts of Kyiv in the presence of heavy metals. Samples were taken in 6 well-room complexes Shevchenkivskyi and Pecherskyi areas of Kyiv. Study sites are characterized by different factors: geographical, level of anthropogenic load, frequency of use. For comparison, the water was taken as the central water supply and artificially purified drinking water.Laboratory studies have been conducted on the basis of «Ukrainian Research Institute of Alcohol and biotechnology food products». The choice of such heavy metals as cadmium, plyumbum, copper and zinc because of their negative effect on the human body and the widest spread in the environment. Changes in the concentration of heavy metals and excess of the maximum allowable concentrationover well-room complexes can be seen on most points. Tap water is purified water and artificial «Alaska « is not found in comparison with other well-room water samples exceeded extraordinary concentration and are mean values. To improve the environmental well-room safe drinking water is necessary to conduct a number of activities that require detailed discussions with both sides of the government and the public. KEY WORDS: drinking water, well-room complex, the maximum allowable concentration, atomic absorption analysis. |
031-038 |
Development of technical regulation on requirements to aviation gasoline and jet fuels. proceedings of the national transport university |
Boichenko S.V., Iakovlieva A.V., Azarenkova A.O., Shkilniuk I.O. |
The given article is devoted to the work on development and implementation of technical regulations on the requirements to aviation gasoline and jet fuels. Modern state of normative-technical regulation in sphere of aviation fuel supply is presented in the article. Imperfection of existing system that was formed during soviet times is emphasized. This state of art made it necessary the development of technical regulation. Except that it was stipulated by the tending of Ukraine towards European integration and, thus, necessity in harmonization of existed national normative-technical base in accordance with EU’s one. The article describes in details the main principles of approach to normative-technical regulation in EU countries and other developed countries. The attention is paid mainly to the system of normative-technical regulation in EU that is based on a «New approach» to technical harmonization and standardization and «Global approach» in sphere of conformity assessment. The main normative documents that determine requirements to aviation gasolines and jet fuels are presented in the articles. Among them there are international standards that are acknowledged worldwide. Except that, documents that are valid on the territory of Ukraine are also mentioned. Attention is paid to the problem of unaknowledgement of jet fuels produced in Ukraine by numerous leading countries. It is connected with some inconformity of requirements to jet fuels quality stated in Ukrainian and international standards. The part of the article devoted to the development of the technical regulation in particular, describes documents that regulate relations in sphere of aviation fuel supply and that were used as a base for future technical regulation. The main among these documents are Directive 2003/17/EC of the Europeаn Parliamentand of the Councilof 3 March 2003 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, Commission Regulation 2042/2003 of 20 March 2003 on the continuing airworthiness of aircraft and aeronautical products, parts and appliances, and on the approval of organisations and personnel involved in these tasks, Doc ІCАО 9977/AN 489. Manualon Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply, Technical regulation of Russia federation on requirements to quality of motor and aviation gasoline, diesel and marine fuels, jet fuels and heavy oil and Technical regulation of Custom union on requirements to quality of motor and aviation gasoline, diesel and marine fuels, jet fuels and heavy oil. At the same time, other manuals and normative documents related to the sphere of aviation fuel supply are considered: Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) and Commission Regulation (EC) No 859/2008 of 20 August 2008 amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91 as regards common technical requirements and administrative procedures applicable to commercial transportation by aeroplane - in European countries, Joint Inspection Group (JIG) - in USA. The parts of the developed technical regulation are presented and the main content of these parts are considered. Except that the article contains tables representing requirements to quality of aviation gasoline and jet fuels according to the technical regulation. There was done the conclusion about practicability of technical regulation development and about positives consequences in a result of its implementation in Ukraine. KEY WORDS: TECHNICAL REGULATION, QUALITY, NORMATIVE-TECHNICAL REGULATION, AVIATION GASOLINE, JET FUEL, AVIATION FUEL SUPPLY |
039-050 |
Features of the monitoring and malfunctions status determination of the vehicle on-board diagnostic information and complex |
Volkov V.P., |
This article gives an summarizing and comparison of the available information for monitoring and determining the status of vehicle faults, system equipped with warm thermal battery comprising an onboard information - diagnostic complex developed on the basis of virtual enterprise to operate motor transport operating under ITS. Object of study-process of monitoring the status of a vehicle breakdown during their operation in terms of intelligent transport systems. Objective- definition, comparisons and prospects justify monitoring and troubleshooting the status of vehicles equipped with an warm, composed of board information - diagnostic systems when the remote control, define and manage the capacity for work, and in general, operation of the vehicle. Method study - analysis, identification, synthesis and comparison of the available information on the monitoring and determining the status of the fault in the composition of airborne vehicle information - diagnostic systems, remote control for the sound operation of the TC process online, working under ITS. To monitor the status and fault vehicle equipped with an warm, composed of board information - diagnostic complex, the definition of sound management of the operation of the TC in the article, it was determined collectively and relatively available information on the status monitoring and troubleshooting the vehicle, working in conditions of ITS. For this problem is solved, namely a comparison is justified and the prospects for implementing monitoring and determining the status of vehicle faults, which is equipped with warm heat accumulator comprising an onboard information - diagnostic complex when the remote control, define and manage the operation of the vehicle. The prospects for further development of monitoring and troubleshooting the status of vehicles as part of on-board information - diagnostic systems. Our results can be incorporated into the operation of vehicles in intelligent transport systems. Assumptions about the development of the object of research - to find the optimal exchange of information in the process of remote monitoring and troubleshooting the status of vehicles as part of on-board information - diagnostic systems. KEYWORDS: TECHNICAL OPERATION VEHICLE, REMOTE MONITORING, STATUS DETERMINATION, DAMAGE SIDE INFORMATION - DIAGNOSTIC CENTER, VIRTUAL ENTERPRISES OPERATING MOTOR TRANSPORT |
051-062 |
Mixed biodiesel fuel for diesel engines |
Hovoroon A.G, Pavlovsky M.V., Kutsyy P.V. |
The article goes over the ways of improvement of the ecological properties of automobiles with the modern diesels, that are in exploitation by means of gradual transfer from supplying diesels with regular fuel to supplying with the alternative types of fuels. The aim of research is broadening of the fuel base of automobile transport while using the alternative types of fuels. The object of research - the influence of mixed biodiesel fuels on fuel-economy, ecologic and energetic properties of the automobile with engine. Methods of research - experimental. The optimization of physical and chemical features of mixed biodiesel fuels is one of the effective ways of reducing the toxicity of exhausted gas and improvement of fuel economy. This can be reached by providing the necessary physical and chemical features of mixed biodiesel fuels as well as by narrowing their limits of verification in other words by adaptation of these fuels to the diesels that are in exploitation. Consequently the optimization of physical and chemical features of mixed biodiesel fuels allows to improve the efficiency of its use in modern diesels and to reduce the emissions of harmful substances with the exhausted gas. The results of the article may be used as the recommendations while preparing and using the mixed biodiesel fuels for the automobile transport. KEY WORDS: DIESEL, ALTERNATIVE FUELS, BIODIESEL FUELS, METHYL ETHER OF RAPE OIL, FUEL ECONOMY, ECOLOGICAL FEATURES. |
063-068 |
The environmental load in the exploitation of highway section |
Gryschuk O. K., Kobzysta О.P., Fedii I.S. |
The road and the totality of its elements in the operation affect all components of the environment. Based on the problems, the aim of the work is to assess the environmental impact of the road on the environment by identifying and improving mechanisms to minimize negative environmental factors, taking into account the options of path movement of road. The assessment of material effect on the value of roadside pollution of the environment exercise according to the usage of certain techniques. This article provides an assessment of environmental load based on methods OND-86, which is taken as the basis of a computer program in 2000 EOL [h] and allows to calculate the concentration of dispersion of pollutants in surface air. The level of air pollution regulated the MPC of harmful substances in the air of settlements, the observance of which is ensured by the maximum allowable emissions and time-allowable emissions from sources of industrial enterprises, the background concentrations. The assessment of roadside pollution of the environment conducted on the basis of national importance highway Kyiv - Kharkiv - Dovzhansky 197 +000 km - 202 +000 km, which is located in Lubnu near Poltava region. To minimize environmental impacts it is necessary to provide the best options for passing the road. The study area is within the road with village Vilshanka crosses the forest about 197 +000 km -199 + 500 km to avoid the area of growth of tree species for this purpose takes Vilshanka river that overgrown with bushes and low-value tree species (aspen, willow, etc.). The road also crosses the nature monument of local importance «Morozov cottage» that approved by the Ministry of Regional Development, Construction and Housing and Communal Services of Ukraine. The mass emission calculations carried out on the 10th separate calculation sections, which is necessary for the formation of planar emission sources in the program EOL. The analysis of the survey results, given the promising traffic 23879 vehicles per day within a specified billing period is 20 years for the most adverse weather conditions, showed exceeding the permissible level in the atmosphere at a distance of 90.75 m from the edge of the roadway for nitrogen oxides, to 96 m group summation. According to the obtained maximum value, taking shelter belt width 96 m from the edge of the roadway. The level of noise load is 81 decibel. But by placing of noise protection screens and planting of green space, dispersion of pollutants occur at a safe altitude for the population, that it will ensure regulatory indicators of air quality limits for residential development and regulatory limits on the health gap 100 m. KEYWORDS: ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOADING, DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION, TIMED - ALLOWABLE EMISSIONS, BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS. |
069-077 |
Effect of hydrogen and oxygen mixtureadding on fuel efficiency and toxicity of the gasoline engine at idle |
Y.F.Gutarevych, A.O. Korpach, |
The article reviews the results of experimental studies of hydrogen and oxygen mixtureadding on fuel efficiency and toxicity of the gasoline engine at idle. Object of research -petrol engine MeMZ - 245 with carburetor power system. Purpose - to improve fuel efficiency and environmental performance of a gasoline engine with carburetor power system at idle and low loadsadding hydrogen gas to air charge. The method of research - experimental. Using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen as an additive to air charge of gasoline engine has a positive effect on fuel efficiency and toxicity. Fuel economy is 6.83 % including power usage. Besides, with addition of reduced gasconcentration of carbonmonoxide and unburned hydrocarbons quantity increase the concentration of nitrogenoxides which maybe the result of increasing the maximum pressure and temperature in the combustion chamber of the engine. KEY WORDS: gasolineengine, hydrogen, idling, fuelefficiency, electrolysis. |
078-085 |
Monitoring network of automobile traffic flowsin the big city road network |
Danchuk V.D., Oliynyk R.V., Taraban S.M. |
The results of development of algorithm of optimal monitoring network (for example, the road network of Shevchenkivskyi district of Kyiv) of traffic flows are represented in this article.This algorithm takes into account features of the distribution of streets and roads of different categories. The algorithm includes a step by step iterative procedure for finding the representative elementary (typical) areas within which it is recommended to establish fixed monitoring stations. Iterative procedure for finding common areas of streets and roads includes: partitioning the road network of the city to the elements (streets and roads) by category in accordance with the current classification of streets and roads (road construction standards 360-92**);partitioning elements (streets and roads) into elementary areas with fixed structural features that determine the nature and parameters of the distribution of traffic flows; formation of similar groups of elementary sections of streets and roads with similar structural group characteristics; establishing the nature and parameters of the distribution of the individual structural feature within formed similar groups of elementary sections of streets and roads; finding the representative elementary parts of streets and roads by nature and parameters of the distribution of individual structural feature within similar groups. The algorithm allows to construct optimal network observation of traffic flows that provide reliable information on the level of congestion of city streets and roads in the system of space-time monitoring of transport streams. KEYWORDS: TRAFFIC FLOWS, STREET AND ROAD NETWORK, MONITORING NETWORK OF TRAFFIC FLOWS, ELEMENTARY AREAS OF STREETS AND ROADS, REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTARY PARTS. |
086-094 |
Methodology of determination of the energetic characteristics of the process of electrical and dynamic braking during the road tests of the vehicles equipped with the electrical drive and the energy recuperation system |
Dembitskyj V.M. |
Methodology of determination of the energetic characteristics of the process of electrical and dynamic braking during the road tests of the vehicles equipped with the electrical drive and the energy recuperation system is proposed in the article. The braking capacities of the vehicle equipped with the system of electrical and dynamic braking and energy recuperation are the object of the research. The methods of carrying of the tests for the determination of the quantity of recuperated energy during the vehicle movement are the subject of the research. The main problem during the tests, experiments and researches is the fact that the main methods of the tests should be corrected according to different factors: test equipment, set problems and planned aims. With the purpose to deal with this problem there was made a determination of the general test conditions, there was made a matching of test equipment, and there was investigated the methodology of measuring of the electrical power quantity which is recuperated by the engine during the electrical and dynamical braking of the vehicle and the order of the test results treatment. The given methodology, after its validation, can be used during the tests for the determination of the energetic characteristics of the vehicles equipped with the electrical engines and the energy recuperation systems. KEYWORDS: RECUPERATION, TEST, MEASURING, TEST EQUIPMENT, ENERGY, ENERGY QUANTITY |
095-102 |
The effect of the load on anti-friction and rheological properties of lubricants in contact |
Dmitrichenko N.F., Bilyakovich O.N., Savchuk A.N., Turitsa Y.A., Kusch A.I., Milanenko A.A.. |
The article presents the results of studies that were carried out on rollers made of steel SH-15 at maximum Hertz contact loads of 450, 570 and 680 MPa. Lubricant - transmission oil Honda Ultra DPSF, whose lifespan was 30 thousand kilometers, the initial bulk oil temperature - 180C. The object of study - the adsorption kinetics of formation of boundary layers. Goal is to determine the mechanisms of film formation in the local contact and establish patterns of change and anti-friction oil rheological properties depending on the adsorption kinetics of the boundary layers. Research method - experimental determination of lubricating action in contact transmission oil Honda Ultra DPSF by measuring the voltage drop during normal glow discharge. Start-up has the following regularity in the formation of film thickness depending on the load: the first-life, which corresponds to 100 cycles, in touch, regardless of load, implemented elastohydrodynamics mode lubrication in subsequent cycles developments lubricant contact surfaces occurs when the hydrodynamic mode. With increasing contact load with up to 450 680 MPa investigated for oil has the following pattern of change in the thickness of the lubricating film at start-up: with increasing σmax to 570 MPa reducing the thickness of the lubricating film is 16%, with an increase in the minds of up to 680 MPa lowering this setting is set to 4%, compared with the efficiency of lubrication at 450 MPa. Since we applied the method of the IPN in NTR mode to determine the thickness of the lubricating film allows you to identify the nature of the current layer, the analysis of the results reveals the following features of lubricants in contact: when examining dehydrogenation component layer thickness up to 250 cycles developments at the stop disruption of the lubricating layer is observed in contact loads 450, 570, 680 MPa respectively 30%, 20% and 50% of cases, due to which there is metal contact surfaces. KEY WORDS: THE THICKNESS OF THE LUBRICATION LAYER, RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF OILS, LOAD IN CONTACT, BOUNDARY LUBRICATION LAYER. |
103-110 |
Аeatures of the gis for monitoring of environment in airport vicinity |
Zaporozhets O.I. |
In the paper the synthesis and comparison of the available information on GIS monitoring of environmental factors in the vicinity of the airportis presented. Object of study - the process of monitoring of environmental factors around the airport. Purpose - to identify, compare and study the prospects for monitoring of the environmental impact factors in the vicinity of the airport, equipped with GIS and calculation modules of these factors. Research methods - analysis and comparison of available information on the factors impacting the environment in the vicinity of the airport. The use of GIS methods for exposure modelling and monitoring has a relatively recent history. Outside inventory and monitoring, the emphasis has mainly been on inventory analysis and dispersion modelling, and a range of so-called second-generation models have been developed (eg, PolEmiCa, IsoBella, 3PRisk) to support air pollution management. To date, however, these models have been rather rarely used for exposure assessment purposes, partly because of their demanding data requirements, and also, no doubt, because of lack of awareness, lack of understanding or distrust by this research community. The results can be incorporated into the operation of aviation vehicles in intelligent transport systems. KEYWORDS: AIRPORTS, MONITORING, NOISE, SAFETY, LOCAL AIR QUALITY, ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELDS |
111-122 |
Analysis of calculating procedures in relation to communications insurances in poland |
Zelinska Edyta |
The article presents some companies offer communications insurances. Are described the major factors determining the price of the policy, such as place of residence, age of a vehicle, owned discount, the amount of damage during the period of coverage. Effect of communications insurances in the amount of subsequent premiums are presented based on data from the companies: AXA, Compensa. |
123-130 |
Optimizing programs pavement repairs |
Ignatyuk V. |
The article tells about theproblem of optimizingthe programof roadrepair work, in conditions of limited funding. The object ofstudy isthe management ofthe operationalstate ofnon-rigidpavementin the management ofprojects andprograms ofcapital and currentrepairson themiddleroad network. Purpose isto improve the efficiencyof decision-makingin the management ofthe programto bring thepavementof the road networkto thestandard statefora specified number ofyears in theplanning stage. Research methods- principlesof system analysis, methods of economic -mathematical modeling andsolution of the problembased on the useof geneticalgorithms forfindingoptimal solutions. Key indicators of state highways during operation is equality of road surfaces, their equality and durability of the pavement. However, the mathematical model of the degradation of pavement that have been applied in SUSP to be improved as regard to delay repairs because of budget constraints. Therefore, the developed models, algorithms and computer analysis to bring the operating condition of non-rigid pavement type to the standard, taking into account the conditions of long-term underfunding of repairs. The problem is solved by brute force potential annual budget constraints, which in the period of the program provides restoration of pavement to an acceptable difference while minimizing transportation costs. To find the optimal variant of the annual program of work developed and applied a genetic algorithm. With the help of a computer program may justify a long-term strategy for restoration of pavement with minimal road transport costs. KEYWORDS: ROAD CONDITIONS, PROGRAM OF REPAIR, OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES, GENETIC ALGORITHMS. |
131-138 |
Development of construction passenger cars in the field of passive safety in the years 1970-2012 |
Karbowniczek Dagmara, Lejda Kazimierz, Zelinska Edyta |
By means of passive safety in the event of an accident, the consequences of what it entails are usually much more smoother and their injuries much less serious. The paper analyzes the changes of technical parameters and changes structural in the field of passive safety placed in passenger cars from the early 70's. |
139-144 |
Tariffless system of compensation as a way of harmonization of tariff - contractual relations on the automobile transport enterprises |
Karpenko O.V. |
In article benefits and shortcomings of existing wages systems are analysed, and a tariffless wages system is also considered as a method of harmonization of tariff contractual relations at the automobile transport enterprises. Object of research - a tariffless wages system. Research purpose - consideration of benefits and shortcomings of existing wages systems at the enterprises and reasons for usage of a tariffless wages system as an alternative to tariff system. The choice of the wages system is an important step for any organization. This system shall be rather simple and clear that each employee sees the dependence between productivity, quality of the work and a received salary. In the basis of tariffless system the sharing arrangement of the earned by collective means among workers according to the accepted coefficients in compensations according to the different quality is pledged. Each employee of division to whom the tariffless system was applied, has the specific value of coefficient of a ratio in compensation. The minimum coefficient of a ratio in the compensation, equal to one, is established to workers of the lowest qualification and corresponds to the 1st qualification group. Usage of tariffless system at the enterprise will give the chance to each worker to estimate the contribution to production and to increase, thus, interest of each worker in increase of the income of the entity. KEYWORDS: COMPENSATION, WAGES SYSTEMS, CRITERIA OF LABOUR PARTICIPATION |
145-151 |
Рarameters experimantal definition of pump with the dynamic vibvration absorber |
Kernytskyy I.S., Diveyev B.M., Sava R.V. |
Paper deals with the new methods for the explicit determination of the frequency characteristics of dynamic vibration absorbers by narrow frequency excitation. Few parameters numerical schemes of vibration analysis are under discussion. The influence of elastic and damping properties of the basic construction and dynamic vibration absorbers are considered. The influence of dynamic vibration absorbers and basic design elastic and damping properties is under discussion. The main task of this work is to analyze parameters identification of the dynamic vibration absorber and develop new numerical schemes. The discrete-continue models of machines dynamics of such machines as water pump with the attachment of dynamic vibration absorbers are offered. The algorithms for vibration decreasing of pump are received. The new vibroabsorbing elements are proposed. The main role in mechanical properties identification plays the topology of difference function set. The unique solution exists only when this set is convex. For the standard dynamic tests eigen-frequencies are the most usual scheme, as be shown below, it is wrong. This dynamic test must be complicated and the special experiments must be added. The bases of these experiments are the same dynamic vibration absorbers. The first eigen-frequencies are calculated and obtained experimentally for different masses attached to elastic elements of the dynamic vibration absorbers. The one-digit values are established not only for the dynamic vibration absorber parameters, but also for mechanical parameter of base structure - pump in connection points of the dynamic vibration absorbers. KEY WORDS: WATER PUMP, FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS, DYNAMIC VIBRATION ABSORBER, ELASTIC AND DAMPING PROPERTIES, PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION, ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS. |
152-161 |
The study of transport vehicles choice for transportation of hard domestic wastes in podil'skyi district |
Kobzysta O.P., Bezpala N.P. |
The important task of organization of collection and transporting of HDW is a choice of effective transport vehicles which answer the concrete terms of transportations. One of main problems at transportation of hard domestic wastes there is an unaccount of receipt of harmful material from incineration of fuel dustcart and their functional properties. The choice of the most optimum transport vehicle can become the decision of the noted problem. There are more frequent used indexesfor the criteria of decision’s tasks of increasing efficiency of transportations which characterize a transport efficiency of specialtechnology. For the choice of dustcarts it is expedient to ground the row of indexes and execute a complex of comparative analysis. For the choice of optimum transport vehicle and calculations such models of dustcarts of KO-432 (ZIL-432921) are selected, KO-427-06 (KAMAZ-65115-1071), KO-433 (GAS-3309), SBM-301/1 (MAZ-533702). The choice of transport vehicles is carried out on the basis of ground of criteria: cost of dustcart; expense of fuel; capacity of basket; type of loading; presence of a press setting; type of fuel. By the method of analysis of hierarchies ponderability of select criteria is determined. According to a result of the conducted comparisons the most meaningful factor is a presence of a press setting (0,38). The capacity of basket (0,26) takes the second place, on the third is an expense of fuel (0,16). Thus, taking into consideration ponderability of criteria the most optimum transport vehicle for transportation of HDW there is KO-427-06 (KAMAZ-65115-1071) and SBM-301/1 in the Podil'skyi district (MAZ-533702). The results of the article can be used in communal enterprises for the choice of optimum special technology. The predictions about suppositions of development ofresearch object are a searching of optimum transport vehicle which carries out collection of domestic wastes. KEYWORDS: HARD DOMESTIC WASTES, DUSTCARTS, HARMFUL MATTERS, CRITERIA, EFFICIENCY, TRANSPORTATION. |
162-168 |
Review of application nanotechnology means of transport automotive |
Konieczny Dariusz |
The article presents a brief description of nanotechnology. A review of the solutions used in the transport vehicle. The article focuses on the applications of nanotechnology in areas such a: production of fuels and lubricants, maintenance liquids, of painting coats, engine structure and measures to protect the body and the coating applied to the glass to protect them from dirt and water. |
169-173 |
Quality of rzeszow urban transport |
Konieczny Dariusz, Madziel Maksymilian |
The article presents the characteristics of Rzeszow transport, a general description of the concept of quality of service. The next part is a qualitative gap in the field of transport city of Rzeszów. As a complement to the article shown are concepts aimed at improving the quality of services provided by MPK. |
174-180 |
Wind engines - alternative power plant |
Korpach A.O., Kovaliov A.V. |
In the article the method of implementation and the results of modeling and analyzing the rational use of wind engines and the ability to install on modern vehicles. The object of study - windmills. Purpose of the study - to determine the possibility of using wind turbines in general and modern transport. Research method - analytical and theoretical. As a result of analytical and theoretical studies defined the use of wind turbines to generate electricity and the possibility of installation on the vehicle as a power plant. The results are highlighted in the article may be used for further work in this area. KEYWORDS: Wind turbines, energy, electricity bus, environmental performance |
181-185 |
Formation of internal surfaces cylinders technology of thermal spraying metal |
Kurzyna Zbigniew, Lejda Kazimierz |
The article provides a brief description of the methods of thermal spraying of metal and their influence on the properties of the coating. Are the main problems associated with the use of this technology to ensure the smooth cylinder contains results of some research and the effects of industrial applications. |
186-191 |
Study oflubricating properties of diesel fuel with the additition of gasoline |
Kuszewski Hubert, Balawender Krzysztof, |
The aim of the researches presented in this paper was to determine the effect of some volume fractions of gasoline in the diesel fuel on the lubricating properties for such prepared fuel. A four-ball tester with a facility for a continuous load increase was used for the tests. The value of the seizing load was used as the lubricity assessment criteria. |
192-198 |
The effect of self-ignition properties of fuel accetable for applications to urban buseson exhaust gas toxicity |
Kuszewski Hubert, |
This article presents the results of determining the effect of self-ignition properties of the fuel, which can be used in urban buses on exhaust toxicity. As a measure of the propensity for self-ignition of fuel derived cetane number was used. The measurement of derived cetane number and the self-ignition delay period, were made using a device with the combustion chamber of constant volume. The fuels with determining of derived cetane number on a bench motor were tested. |
199-207 |
Logistics solutions in the transportation of oversized cargo |
Krzeminski Arthur, Jaworski Arthur, Kuszewski Hubert |
The article presents the requirements necessary to perform the oversized cargo and discusses the types of vehicles used for this type of transport. |
208-212 |
Prospects for the development of transport regarding alternative fuels in the european union |
Lejda Kazimierz, Boychenko Sergiy, Mateichyk Vasyl |
The content of the article are the issues arising from the European Union adopted a strategy for implementation of the alternative fuels in the various sectors of transport. Signaling the issue also points to the need to undertake research work in this field by teams of scientific-research, because there is real possibility of funding under EU projects. It seems that especially road transport will be as a result of legislation introduced by international institution «forced» to successively increasing alternative sources of energy. |
213-219 |
«green logistics» regarding electric cars |
Lejda Kazimierz, Madziel Maksymilian |
The article presents the issues related to the concept of green logistics, and general characteristics of electric vehicles and issues relating to emission standards for combustion engines. Moreover was compared actual emissions of toxic compounds on the example of selected electric vehicle to standards posed an internal combustion vehicles. The whole discussion was summarized respectively. |
220-225 |
The forwarding in intermodal transport |
Lejda Kazimierz, Siedlecka Sylwia |
The article presents some the nature and types of intermodal transport. The problem of intermodal freight transport in the marine and land transportation and the advantages of the forwarder-operator of intermodal transport are described. In addition, the development trends are shown on intermodal transport in Poland. |
226-233 |
Formation of car-care centre’s service |
Markov O.D., Nyzkovolosov V.V. |
Article contains definitions of concepts suchas: «service», «servicequality», «maintenance», whichare basic to the improvement of car-care center’s service. The value of the services described through the satisfaction of customer. Showedsteps, which is the basis for a wideconcept of services. Submitted the result of investigation of the process of formation of car-care center’s services and algorithm of their designing thatbasedon the Zaytemlya’s model. Object of study - car-care centre’s services. Purpose of the study - factors that affecting on the value of services for the consumer. Research Result - algorithmof designing services interms of the process of creating value for the consumer. Keywords: consumers, services, car-care centre’s, service value. |
234-245 |
Modeling environmental performance of vehicles in information-analytical system of monitoring traffic flow |
Mateichyk V.P., |
In the paper the mathematical model of the vehicle for use in information-analytical system for monitoring traffic flow is designed, which allows to evaluate its environmental performance based on a wide range of internal parameters of individual vehicles in different modes and conditions of operation, as well as to exercise the operational definition of environmental performance in real time. Object of the study vehicle, level of environmental security is determined by the fuel consumption, emissions, equivalent to the noise and heat radiation. Purpose of the study is development of the mathematical model of the vehicle to determine its environmental performance in information-analytical system for monitoring traffic flows. Method of the study is systematic analysis of the environmental performance of vehicles. Developed and implemented a common approach to the mathematical modeling of environmental performance of the vehicle for use in information-analytical system for monitoring traffic flows, which consists of two stages: a preliminary definition of environmental performance of vehicles of various categories using a mathematical model of the car at the macro level, depending on the expanded list internal parameters of vehicles in different modes and conditions of their movement and with different loading; operational definition of environmental performance of vehicles as a function of time using empirical mathematical models constructed on the basis of the first stage of the simulation, depending on the mass- dimensional parameters of the vehicles, their environmental classes, types of fuel used, the mode of motion, condition of road surface and weather terms. The evaluation of the roadside environment pollution in the application of geographic information systems can be visually represented on an electronic map of the area near the road. KEYWORDS: VEHICLE, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, TRAFFIC FLOW, ROAD, ENVIRONMENT, MATHEMATICAL MODEL, HARMFUL SUBSTANCES |
246-254 |
Mathematical analysis of the existence of one curve inflection point norms for participation bearing area curve of abbott-firestone |
Michalski Jacek |
We analysed a mathematical equation approximated normalized bearing area curve Abbott-Firestone. The proposed feature R(x) is a convex combination of the two components of the function f1(x) and f2(x), with the respective weights of impact. Analytically determined intervals protrusions and depressions. The main attention was paid to the analysis to prove the existence of a single point of inflection of the proposed mathematical form R(x). KEY WORDS:NORMALIZED BEARING AREA CURVE ABBOTT-FIRESTONE, APPROXIMATION, AN INFLECTION POINT, CONVEXITY AND CONCAVITY, PROPERTIES OF THE COMPONENT FUNCTIONS f1(x) AND f2(x) |
255-264 |
Relationship of bus and urban and intercity transport damage to operating and safety from damages of selected operating systems |
Michalski Jacek |
In the paper the effect of damages in buses units on operation threats and safety of road transportation system in intercity and urban communication range is presented. Some interurban buses such as Autosan H9-21, H9-41 and A1010, Jelcz T120, Renault FR 1 and Master, Bova FHM and urban buses MZK Bydgoszcz [13, 14] Ikarus 280b, 260 i 280, Jelcz JM181 i M11 and MPK Rzeszów Man NL 223, Solaris Uurbino 12, 15, Jelcz 120M, M181MB were considered. The research of buses technical conditions uses W1 index of number of damaged buses per 1000 km and W2 index of number of damaged units per 1000 km. The threats in transportation system safety, O, caused by these damages was assessed. The values of threats ratio index W3, W4 and probability of damage events in analyzed units P(U*) were estimated too. Number of road accidents with intercity and city buses versus and number of damages were considered. KEY WORDS:INTERURBAN TRANSPORT AND URBAN BUS DAMAGES, INDICATORS OF DAMAGE AND SAFETY, SECURITY RELATION WITH THE DAMAGE PROPAGATION |
265-277 |
Metallurgical characteristics cams camshafts and hydraulic tappets surface belleville engine high speed |
Michalski Jacek |
This paper presents metallographic characteristics that drive the camshafts, respectively. intake and exhaust valves, high-rev engine with a capacity of 1.4 dm3. Camshafts are made of low-alloy chromium cast iron, identical for both shafts. The cams are whitened by metallurgical, through applied hardened casting process. Glassy pushers were made using wrought steel, which is equivalent national 40H, using the same technology. The outer and inner surface of the bottom disc hydraulic tappets hardened surface. Inside, push the shelf provided with a guide for validating machine hydraulic valve clearance. It was connected with the mantle push by friction welding. The final curing, the face and the outer shell followers, realized by ion nitriding. KEY WORDS:HIGH-REV ENGINE CAMSHAFTS, CAM MADE OF CAST IRON HARDENED BY RAPID COOLING, HYDRAULIC LIFTERS THIN-WALLED, HARDENED LAYER ON STEEL |
278-289 |
Modyfikacje w zakresie rozkładu jazdy rzeszowskich autobusów miejskich |
Mądziel Maksymilian |
W artykule przybliżony został w sposób ogólny temat dotyczący tworzenia rozkładu jazdy. W kolejnych rozdziałach ukazano wyniki badania punktualności jednego z rzeszowskich autobusów miejskich, na podstawie którego opracowano nowy rozkład jazdy dla jednej z linii autobusowej Miejskiego Przedsiębiorstwa Komunikacyjnego w Rzeszowie. |
290-295 |
Analysis of selected problems of ergonomics and safety on city buses |
Pyc Marcin, Wojewoda Pawel |
This article presents the analysis of visual, ergonomic and constructional factors and a bus ride control systems, with a particularly influence on the comfort and safety of the driver and especially the passengers traveling by city bus and its design. Constructional analysis concentrate on the city bus equipment and bus driver's cab in a special construction of the constructional systems that absorbs the energy of a side and frontal impact collision and roll over (frame driver’s cab structure and deformable steering wheel and reinforced skeleton of the city bus). It pays attention to the most important control unit of the city bus, which is the on-board computer with GPS/GPRS system and presents his most important tasks as well as the relations of active safety systems. It describes the cameras mobile monitoring system of the bus and increasing safety of driver bus and passengers in and outside the bus. It also presents visual passenger information system, which allow passengers to identify the line number and city bus routes on which the city buses are moving, with the information of post-up on the city buses timetables at bus stops and on the internet. Finally, attention was paid to facilities for people with disabilities, older people and carers of children's strollers. With all these solutions buses transport have become more attractive, convenient and secure than ever before, and most importantly, have become an interesting alternative to private transport in congested cities. |
296-306 |
Cold plastic deformation as the factor of increaseworkability of plastic material by pulling |
Posviatenko E.K., Posviatenko N.I., Budiak P.V. |
Purpose of the study - to determine the effect of cold deformation hardening on the workability of plastic materials. The connection between the processes in the area of chip formation and the contact process on the front of the instrument. Hypothesized launched to possibility assess workability to change the angle of inclination of the chip formation zone. Based on this hypothesis, the mathematical model influence of the previous cold hardening on the machinability of steel is built. The adequacy of the model is tested experimentally. Through deforming pulling allows to strengthen the surface and the core barrel. Shown that cold hardening reduces the formation of build-up edge Methods: mathematical planning of experiments, optical and electron microscopy. Object of study - processes of holes from the combined pulling. The results of the article may be used for engineering plants for production of hydraulic cylinders and extended tool. Further studies on the development of the research object and transfer of the results to other groups of parts such as sleeves. KEYWORDS: COMBINED pulling, sleeve cylinders, cutting machinability, cold deformation, ZONE FORMATION chips. |
307-315 |
Properties of gaggers of the reinforced concrete of rate of «vervol’f» |
Posviatenko E.K., Posviatenko N.I., Melnyk O.V. |
Object of study - steel bars of armature of reinforce-concrete blocks of underground bunkers of rate of «Vervol'f». Purpose of the study - determination fiziko-mechanical, metallurgical and technological properties of steel bars of armature of reinforce-concrete blocks of bunkers of rate of «Vervol'f». Method of the study - mechanical properties of bars were probed with application of tverdomiriv of Rokvella and Brinellya, bursting machine with the record of the crooked fluidity, pile-driver, for determination of shock viscidity; the study of microstructure was carried out with bringing in of optical microstructure with making of mikroshlifiv; composition of material determinations of class of steel of bars of armature were probed with bringing in of electronic microscope-analyzer of the system «Camscan-4dv». Forecast assumptions - in the case when for connection of bars of armature welding is not used, but used it follows to alloy mechanical «v’yazannya» material of the last (steel construction) an aluminium, titan and chrome, with the purpose of diminishing of grain of microstructure and to add this steel of annealing. It will promote plasticity of steel. For the increase of corrosive firmness of bars of armature it follows to alloy material of the last silicon and manganese (to gravimetric 1% each) and promote content of carbon and in steel to acquisition by steel. KEYWORDS: BARS of ARMATURE, MICROSTRUCTURE, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, CORROSIVE FIRMNESS, SILICON, MANGANESE, CARBON, STEEL. |
316-322 |
Analysis of the integration process of the transport system of ukraine |
Samolyuk V.M., Zelinska Edyta, Liskevych Y.R. |
The article is an analysis of the current state of the transport system of Ukraine its integration process to the EU transport system. The purpose of the study is to analyze the transport system of Ukraine and the feasibility of its integration into the EU transport system. The object of the research is theoretical transport system of Ukraine Purpose of the study - the integration processes that directly affect the development of the transport system of our country. During the operation it was discovered the need for highly developed transport system, which is further enhanced by the integration into the European and global economy, the transport system is the basis for efficient entry of Ukraine into the global community and doing a location that corresponds to a highly developed country. The above statement of facts make it possible to conclude that the common interest in deepening integration of Ukrainian transport sector to the transport market in the territory of the EU. New approaches to the development of transport systems, new technologies and sustainable ways of development of freight and passengers, establishing various forms of cooperation in the format, especially Ukraine - EU. KEY WORDS: TRANSPORTSPORTNA SYSTEM INTEGRATION, TRANSPORT, FREIGHT, PASSENGER TRAFFIC |
323-329 |
Analysis of curvilinear motion of road train provided by the twin operating mechanism on the front axle of semitrailer |
Sakhno V.P., Poliakov V.M., Bosenko V.M., Moisa D.L. |
An attitude to analysis of curvilinear motion of road train provided by the twin operating mechanism on the front axle of semitrailer is propose in article/ The subject of research is the maneuverability of road train provided by the twin operating mechanism on the front axle of semitrailer. The purpose of work is the selection and substantiation of the operating mechanism of steering axle of semitrailer and transmission ratio of operating mechanism, whereby provide the normalized index of road train maneuverability. Method of research - analytical. Improvement the properties of maneuverability of road trains have come about through the choice of the corresponding control system by wheels (shafts) of hook-on links. It is well known that for ensuring the following of semitrailer with a mover trajectory the transmission ratio of a control system of the semi-trailer has to change ranging from ¥ to 0 with different intensity depending on regime coefficient of turning movement. Creation of such optimum control system for semi-trailers presents certain difficulties because turning movement of wheels of the semi-trailer has to be carried out depending on the forward speed of movement of the road train and angular speed of turning movement of steered wheels of the mover and its design will be too difficult. Control law of wheels of the semi-trailer which was receipt is fundamentally non-linear. Its implementation is possible only when using the multiplex microprocessor control system. At the same time, pilot researches of maneuverability of road trains showed, what even for systems of a mechanical control which realize double steering communication, it is possible to reach the minimum deviations of a trajectory of the semi-trailer concerning a mover trajectory. Transmission ratio of the twin operating mechanism on the front axle of semitrailer was determined. It is shown that on conditions that normalized value of turning radius of road train amount Rзг= 12,5 m, Rвг=5,3 m, the transmission ratio is і0=0,92. In case of reducing of clearance radius the transmission ratio of the operating mechanism on the front axle of semitrailer is radius too. In case of rising of clearance radius more than 12,5 m the transmission ratio of the operating mechanism is rise too and for radius Rзг= 13,0 m it verge towards 1, in other words the semi-trailers become uncontrolled. Results of article can be implemented in control systems of semi-trailers of long-wheelbase road trains. KEYWORDS: THE ROAD TRAIN, THE CONTROL SYSTEM, STEERING COMMUNICATION, TRANSMISSION RATIO, CONTROL ALGORITHM, THE SEMI-TRAILER. |
330-338 |
Analysis of methods of estimation and improvement of fuel efficiency of commercial vehicles |
Sakhno V.P., Poliakov V.M. Zharovk.S. |
The article proposes approaches regarding calculation of commercial vehicle fuel efficiency and provides the comparative analysis both the results that are defined by using these methods and the results of measurements carried during the experimental investigation. Object of the study - commercial vehicles (fuel efficiency). Purpose of the study - to validate the modeling methods of definition of commercial vehicle fuel efficiency by calculation of the amount of fuel consumed by commercial vehicles during the motion in driving cycles and definition of the most appropriate method. Method of the study - comparative analysis of commercial vehicles performance characteristics that are determined using both modeling and experimental methods. The urgency of the fuel efficiency improvement problem is outlined. The two methods of calculation of commercial vehicles fuel consumption, which indicates their fuel efficiency, are described. The first of these methods is grounded on determination of fuel consumption using the rated fuel consumption-engine speed response and empirical formulas, the latter - on determination of fuel consumption using experimentally defined values of fuel consumption per hour which respects to a series of steady-state modes of engine performance that covers whole range of engine operating modes. According to the results of comparative analysis the second method is more accurate than the first and provides relative deviation from experimentally stated data at the level of 4…5 % when the respective value that concerns the first method approximately equal to 15…20 %. The validation of both methods with respect to comparative analysis of road vehicles performance characteristics is proven. The results of the article can be used in development of mathematical models intended for theoretical determination of commercial vehicle fuel efficiency. Forecast assumptions about the object of study - improving of fuel efficiency by optimization of vehicle design. KEYWORDS: FUEL EFFICIENCY, COMMERCIAL VEHICLE,ENGINE, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, MATHEMATICAL MODEL. |
339-348 |
Modeling and control of powerplant in parallel hybrids vehicle |
Sakhno V.P., Timkov О.M., Ivanov О.S. |
The article discusses the methodology of creating a comprehensive management system model based on HEV car transitions between modes of work. Object of the study - a model management system of hybrid vehicle propulsion executed in parallel. Method of research - analytical studies. As a result of analytical studies of a model was developed and established an integrated management system model based on HEV car transitions between its modes. We consider a model of a vehicle control system with HEV executed in parallel arrangement. It will be carried out simulation of the developed model -based control test stand equipped with Atmega microcontroller family and conducted road tests on an experimental car with HEV developed at the Department of «Automobile» NTU. The results can be used to optimize the parameters of the power plant and transmission system in the car, «the car - environment». KEYWORDS: AUTOMOBILE, SIMULATION, CONTROL, ENGINE, SPEED, PARALLEL CIRCUITS, HYBRID. |
349-356 |
Functional properties and basic technical parameters of fire vehicles |
Siedlecka Sylwia, Madziel Maksymilian |
The article presents some basic information about characteristic of fire vehicles. The next part describes divides of fire trucks, their construction and some development trend on these vehicles in Rzeszow city. |
357-361 |
Determination of the capacity traction batteries for non-commercial cars with hybrid power plant |
Sitovskyi O., Yanovskyi V., Kashuba A. |
The purpose of this of work is determination needed capacity of batteries for vehicles with hybrid power plant taking into account-mass characteristics and values of single runs. Made theoretical research energy consumption for performing the electric or hybrid car with urban driving cycle. In view of these energy consumption and percentage distribution of the length single vehicles trips defines the necessary capacity traction batteries LiFePO4. Were determined capacity traction batteries depending on the mass of cars. KEYWORDS: ENERGY, BATTERY, RESISTANCE FORCE, A SINGLE TRIP, THE PATH, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION. |
362-368 |
Economic efficiency estimation of environmental management systems of transport enterprise |
Khrutba V., Mateichyk I., Grushchuk V. |
In this paper a method for calculating the economic effect of the implementation of environmental management company selected. Сumulative economic effect of implementing environmental management systems transport enterprise is evaluated. The aim of the paper is calculating cost-effectiveness of implementing environmental management company the transport system. In this paper we solved the following problems: the existing methods for evaluating the economic effectiveness of the implementation of environmental management system to analyze; - features of EMS implementation trucking companies analyzed; - cost-effectiveness of environmental management system to calculate the specific motor company. Basis of economic management environmental protection are justification and evaluation of environmental projects.Сumulative economic impact and cost-effectiveness index is an assessment of the economic efficiency of the project implementation EMS motor company at a fixed time. The cumulative economic impact of implementation of EMS transport enterprise № 2 «Kyyivpasavtotrans» for 2012 is 99224.34 hrn. Index of economic efficiency is 2.836, indicating that the efficiency of project implementation EMS. The effectiveness of implementation of EMS transport enterprise in terms of 1 vehicle businesses 583.67 hrn. Implementation of environmental management in all enterprises «Kyyivpasavtotrans» will reach a projected annual economic impact 437 754.42 hrn. The results of the article may be used in calculating the economic effectiveness of the implementation of environmental management systems of companies and road transport industry. KEY WORDS: environmental management, trucking companies, economic efficiency. |
369-379 |
Analysis of the conditions of the project of collecting and recycling batteries |
Khrutba V. А., Chuvayev P.I., Ovramenko О. М. |
A large amount of electronic waste is generated by using electronic equipment. Design solutions will prevent the generation of waste batteries, minimiziroat them reduce, re-use, recovery spending. The aim of the article is to determine the prerequisites for collecting and recycling batteries. Tasks of it are: - The macro factors influence the results of the project to evaluate. - Strategic problem tree and tree of objectives to analyze the concept of the project to develop, SMART-formulated project objectives. - Project stakeholders to analyze, model Mitchell participants build significance, value and determine the expected results. The main task of the project of collection and recycling of batteries is to reduce the negative impact of domestic waste electrical and electronic equipment, improving of the environment. The specific objective is informing of the residents of the city of Kiev on the safe handling of household waste electrical and electronic equipment. Project tasks are conducting education company for young people about the dangers of Kiev and the proper handling of waste household electronic equipment. KEYWORDS: WASTE HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT, STRATEGIC PROBLEM TREE AND GOALS, PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS. |
380-388 |
Vehicle safety and vehicle inspection |
Jurgilewicz Marcin |
Safety car is often considered in the context of technical serviceability of vehicles. Although technical malfunction of vehicles as a cause of accidents is relatively small share in the total number of road accidents and is seen as less significant than the element, generally speaking, human behavior in the traffic, but for a more detailed analysis of this issue is more complex. The article examines the issues in the context of vehicle safety inspection of vehicles based on vehicle malfunction as the cause of accidents in light of statistical research. |
389-398 |
Analysis of european practice in sphere of jet biofuels certification |
Iakovlievaa.V., Lejda K., Boichenko S.V., Vovk O.O. |
Analysis of European experience in the spehere of aviation biofuels certification is presented in the article. Detailed analysis of the material shows that feedstock for aviation biofuel production can be obtained from a great diversity of biomass, but it should be sustainable obligatory. The main purpose of aviation biofuels application is aimed on reduction of carbon dioxide emissions 80 % lower comparing to the use of conventional jet fuel. Today, number of airlines has already started practicing jet biofuels during their regular flights. The list of companies succeeded in this experience is given in the article. However, before application in aviation, biofuels need to meet a set of requirements. In order to unify these requirements EU authorities introduced the Renewable energy directive (RED) that is considered in the article. One more directive - about fuel quality (FQD) is also related to this topic. The article gives detailed overview of these directives. Another issue presented in the article is sustainability certification of biofuels in EU. The current scheme of certification of aviation biofuels sustainability is described along with the activity of leading companies executing such kind of certification. The article pays attention on the criteria that should be met during biofuels certification. Among them are: greenhouse gases, high biodiversity value lands use, high carbon, stock lands use, peatland use, requirements to good agricultural and ecological conditions, social sustainability, water, soil and air protection measures. One more issue considered in this work is life-cycle assessment (LCA) of biofuels. Life-cycle assessment is used as a tool for estimation greenhouse gases emissions reduction using biofuels comparing to traditional jet fuels. Other words it is used as a methodology for biofuels efficiency estimation. Results of life-cycle assessment of various kinds of alternative fuels have shown that fuels obtained from renewable feedstock have less negative impact on environment comparing to conventional fossil fuels. The article describes briefly the most developed and popular technologies of alternative jet fuel production (including both from renewable and non renewable feedstock). However, despite the type of resource used, there is a set of general requirements that jet fuels should meet. These requirements foresee certain physical-chemical and exploitation properties, which fuels should posses. The requirements are described in the article and should be satisfied obligatory. First of all it is explained by that fact that jet fuels quality plays an exclusively important role in provision of flight safety and aircraft reliability. KEYWORDS: JET BIOFUELS, ALTERNATIVE JET FUELS, BIOFUELS, LIFE-CYCLE, LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS, CERTIFICATION |
399-409 |